In 2025, the world’s cleanest countries are not just global leaders in environmental health—they are also innovators in climate policy, renewable energy, and sustainable development. These nations have earned top rankings through rigorous assessment by the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI), which together provide the most authoritative and data-driven evaluations of national environmental performance.

The EPI, developed by Yale and Columbia Universities, uses 58 indicators across 11 categories—ranging from air and water quality to biodiversity and climate policy—to rank 180 countries on how well they meet sustainability targets. The CCPI, meanwhile, evaluates 63 countries and the EU, covering over 90% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and assesses performance in GHG emissions, renewable energy, energy use, and climate policy.

These indices are vital tools for policymakers, businesses, and communities, offering a granular view of each country’s strengths and weaknesses, helping to set targets, track trends, and identify best practices for a sustainable future. High-ranking countries benefit from advanced regulatory frameworks, greener infrastructure, and new market opportunities for sustainable technologies. Here’s a closer look at what sets each of the top 10 apart in 2025:

1. Estonia (EPI Score: 75.3)

Estonia leads the world in cleanliness and sustainability, thanks to its extensive forest cover, effective use of bioenergy, and a strong focus on natural resource management. The country has set ambitious climate goals, including a 70% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050.

Estonia achieved an 11.3% emissions reduction in late 2024, outpacing the rest of the EU, even as its economy grew. The capital, Tallinn, has become a beacon of urban sustainability, winning the ITB Earth Award 2025 for its zero-waste Song and Dance Celebration, which drastically cut single-use plastics and promoted circular economy practices.

Estonia’s environmental policies have also led to Europe’s cleanest air and ongoing investments in wind, solar, and energy storage. However, the country faces challenges in fully phasing out fossil fuels and balancing biomass production with forest conservation.

2. Luxembourg (EPI Score: 75.0)

Luxembourg stands out as a small nation with outsized environmental achievements, earning an EPI score of 75.0 in 2024 and a 4.1-point rise over the past decade. The country leads the world in water management, boasting a near-perfect score of 90.6 in Water Resources and an astounding 99.8 in Sanitation & Drinking Water. Over 55% of Luxembourg’s land is protected, contributing to a top-tier biodiversity score of 84.8.

The nation’s capital has pioneered green investments, while advanced wastewater treatment and strict EU-aligned standards keep pollution low. While Luxembourg excels in ecosystem vitality and heavy metal pollution control, it continues to work on reducing per capita greenhouse gas emissions and curbing tree cover loss.

3. Germany (EPI Score: 74.6)

Germany ranks third globally with an EPI score of 74.6 in 2024, marking a 4.4-point improvement over ten years. The country treats 100% of its urban wastewater, achieving a high 89.1 in Water Resources, and protects a significant share of its land and seas, reflected in its 82.4 Biodiversity & Habitat score.

Germany’s robust environmental policies are complemented by massive investments in green infrastructure and renewable energy. The nation’s cities are recognized for clean air, efficient public transport, and progressive urban planning. Germany’s approach demonstrates that sustainability can go hand in hand with industrial progress, though ongoing industrial emissions remain a challenge.

4. Finland (EPI Score: 73.7)

Finland secures the fourth spot with a 2024 EPI score of 73.7, though this reflects a slight decrease from its 2014 score. The country is a global leader in public health, scoring a perfect 100.0 in both Sanitation & Drinking Water and Heavy Metals. Finland’s well-managed forests, protected natural areas, and clean air contribute to its strong ecosystem vitality.

The nation’s deep cultural connection to nature is evident in its policies, which seamlessly integrate sustainability into daily life. Finland’s challenge lies in maintaining its high standards amid growing urbanization and climate pressures.

5. United Kingdom (EPI Score: 72.7)

The United Kingdom earns an EPI score of 72.7 in 2024, up by 2.1 points over the past decade. The UK has made significant progress in reducing carbon emissions, largely through aggressive wind energy deployment and expanded recycling programs. Urban green spaces and biodiversity conservation have improved city livability and environmental health.

The UK continues to update its climate policies to meet international targets, but faces ongoing challenges with air quality in some metropolitan areas and the need for further emissions reductions.

6. Sweden (EPI Score: 70.5)

Sweden ranks sixth with a 2024 EPI score of 70.5, showing a modest 1.6-point increase over ten years. The country’s energy mix is dominated by hydropower and wind, and it is a pioneer in negative emissions technologies.

Sweden’s cities are models of sustainable urban development, and the nation’s commitment to clean air, water, and biodiversity is unwavering. However, Sweden faces pressure to further reduce emissions from transportation and industry to meet its ambitious climate goals.

7. Norway (EPI Score: 70.0)

Norway holds the seventh position with a 2024 EPI score of 70.0, up 3.6 points over the last decade. The country boasts nearly universal access to clean drinking water and sanitation, and its electricity is almost entirely supplied by hydropower.

Norway’s proactive climate policies and investments in electric mobility and carbon capture have resulted in some of the world’s lowest per capita emissions. The country’s challenge is balancing oil and gas exports with its climate commitments.

8. Austria (EPI Score: 69.0)

Austria scores 69.0 on the 2024 EPI, reflecting a slight decrease of 0.3 points over ten years. The country excels in maintaining clean cities and countryside through strict agricultural and chemical regulations. Austria’s public transport system and urban planning support eco-living, while strong environmental laws ensure high water quality and effective waste management.

Austria’s challenge is to address areas of stagnation and reinvigorate progress on climate adaptation and emissions reduction.

9. Switzerland (EPI Score: 68.0)

Switzerland earns a 2024 EPI score of 68.0, up 1.8 points over the last decade. The country is renowned for its pristine landscapes, robust waste management, and advanced water treatment systems.

Switzerland’s environmental protection laws and public engagement in sustainability initiatives help maintain high living standards and ecological health. However, Switzerland must continue to innovate in renewable energy and reduce its ecological footprint to stay ahead.

10. Denmark (EPI Score: 67.9)

Denmark rounds out the top ten with an EPI score of 67.9 in 2024, a 1.7-point increase over ten years. The nation is a global leader in wind energy and urban planning that prioritizes cycling and green spaces. Denmark’s comprehensive recycling policies and low pollution levels make it a model for clean living. 

The country’s ongoing challenge is to further cut emissions from agriculture and transportation while maintaining economic growth.

How Are These Rankings Determined?

Environmental Performance Index (EPI):

• Uses 58 indicators across 11 categories, including air quality, water and sanitation, biodiversity, habitat protection, and climate policy.
• Weights environmental health (40%) and ecosystem vitality (60%) to reflect both immediate human well-being and long-term sustainability.
• Draws data from the WHO, UN, and other global agencies, providing a scorecard for each country and highlighting leaders and laggards.

Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI):

• Assesses four main categories: GHG emissions (40%), renewable energy (20%), energy use (20%), and climate policy (20%).
• Uses 14 indicators, combining quantitative data (from IEA, FAO, UNFCCC) and qualitative expert assessments of national and international climate policy.
• Covers 63 countries and the EU, representing over 90% of global GHG emissions.

These indices are not just academic—they guide policy, inform investment, and help countries benchmark progress toward sustainability goals. High-ranking countries typically have strong regulatory frameworks, transparent governance, and engaged civil societies, making them attractive for sustainable business and investment.

Why Does This Matter?

• Policy Guidance: Countries use EPI and CCPI data to set targets, track trends, and refine environmental policies.
• Business and Investment: High scores signal a favorable environment for green investment and sustainable business operations.
• Public Health: Clean air, water, and effective waste management directly improve quality of life and reduce healthcare costs.
• Global Leadership: These nations serve as models for others striving to balance economic growth with environmental stewardship.

Summary point

As environmental challenges grow increasingly urgent worldwide, the achievements of these top 10 cleanest countries in 2025 offer both inspiration and a practical roadmap for sustainable development. Their success demonstrates that with visionary leadership, innovative technologies, and committed public participation, it is possible to safeguard natural resources, improve public health, and foster economic growth simultaneously.

By learning from their policies and practices, other nations can accelerate their own journeys toward a cleaner, greener, and more resilient future—ensuring a healthier planet for generations to come

Dubai Duty Free has once again captured global attention by shattering sales records this August, reaching an impressive Dh646.23 million ($177 million). This marks a 15% increase over August 2024 and nearly a 10% rise from the previous peak recorded in 2018, underscoring the airport retailer’s growing allure among travelers.

On average, Dubai Duty Free welcomed around 275,000 passengers daily throughout August, generating an average daily sales figure of Dh20.8 million ($5.7 million). Managing Director Ramesh Cidambi praised the achievement, noting that sales growth has outpaced passenger numbers by approximately 9%, “a testament to the dedication of our team and the robust retail environment we have cultivated.”

A closer look at shopping habits reveals that confectionery stole the spotlight, with sales soaring by nearly 69%. Chocolates and sweets remain top picks for gifts and personal enjoyment. Gold jewelry followed with a strong 28.5% boost, while perfumes and tobacco products grew by 13% and 11% respectively. Other notable performers included Millennium Millionaire tickets, which climbed 34%, watches up 17.7%, precious jewelry with a 24% increase, cosmetics rising 9%, liquor up 3%, and electronics showing steady yet modest growth at 2.3%. Even without confectionery, the top ten categories collectively recorded a healthy 10.4% increase, illustrating broad-based demand across Dubai Duty Free’s diverse offerings.

Luxury shoppers found much to celebrate in Terminal 3, where fashion boutiques in Concourses A and B enjoyed a 10.86% rise in sales compared to last year. Cartier boutiques impressed with a striking 29.33% surge. The average daily boutique transactions climbed to 254, while customer spend rose to Dh8,004 from Dh7,748, signaling that premium shopping remains a favorite indulgence among UAE travellers.

All terminals experienced strong sales growth throughout the month. Concourses A and B both posted 17% increases, Concourse C followed with a 16.45% uplift, and Concourse D saw sales grow by 7.91%. Terminal 2 Departures reported a 13.6% gain, while Al Maktoum International Airport stood out with a remarkable 56.91% surge. Even arrivals shops maintained momentum, growing 11.72% despite intensified competition at Terminal 3 Arrivals.

Dubai Duty Free’s global appeal was evident, with travelers to the U.S. fueling a 27.94% uptick in spending. Other regions contributing to the growth included the Middle East (+19.78%), the Indian Subcontinent (+17%), Africa (+15.28%), Europe (+13.46%), Australasia (+9.49%), the Far East (+9.15%), and Russia (+3.26%).

Looking ahead, Dubai Duty Free shows no signs of slowing down. Luxury aficionados can anticipate the opening of a new Louis Vuitton boutique in Concourse A later this week, with Cartier slated to open another boutique by the end of September. By December, Concourse A will unveil the ‘Gifts from Dubai’ concept store, promising an even more immersive shopping experience for travelers and residents alike.

With year-to-date sales hitting Dh5.4 billion ($1.48 billion), a 6.93% increase compared to last year, Dubai Duty Free isn’t just setting new records — it’s redefining the airport shopping experience. For residents and visitors in the UAE, the airport transcends its role as a transit hub, emerging as a premier destination for luxury, indulgence, and everyday delights.

London Heathrow Airport has solidified its position as the most expensive and fiercely contested aviation hub in the world, with takeoff and landing slot pairs fetching record prices up to $75 million in 2025. The extreme demand far outstrips the limited supply of slots at the airport, which is capped at approximately 10,500 weekly movements around 40 to 45 takeoffs and landings per hourcreating one of the world's most lucrative and competitive aviation markets.

Key airlines like Oman Air and American Airlines have previously paid sums in the tens of millions for coveted slots, with a recent transaction echoing Oman Air's 2016 record $75 million deal for prime morning slots. These slots, particularly those during early morning and summer peak times, are highly valued due to their potential revenue generation and strategic importance for flight scheduling in one of the busiest travel corridors globally.

The scarcity arises from Heathrow's operational constraints, including a long-standing cap of 480,000 annual Air Transport Movements and strict allocation regulations overseen by Airport Coordination Limited (ACL). British Airways dominates the market, controlling over half of the allocated slots, which reinforces the advantage of incumbent carriers through a system that prioritizes historical usage. Regulatory changes in 2025 aimed to ease entry for new carriers and reduce "ghost flights" have yet to alter the market's fundamental dynamics.

Looking ahead, the proposed addition of a third runway could nearly double the airport’s capacity, introducing up to 276,000 additional flights annually and potentially easing the slot shortage. However, the manner in which these new slots are allocated likely favoring carriers with substantial current usage will determine whether slot prices will decrease or remain near current record highs.

For now, securing a slot at Heathrow remains a high-stakes investment, representing critical competitive leverage and access to one of the world's wealthiest passenger markets, particularly lucrative for carriers targeting premium business and long-haul travel.

British Airways (BA) is pushing the boundaries of loyalty travel by operating exclusive Avios-only flights, allowing passengers to redeem points for every seat on selected routes. The latest—and most ambitious—offering targets the highly sought-after London Heathrow to Cape Town International Airport route during the fiercely competitive Christmas holiday season.

Scheduled to depart on December 20, 2025, with a return on January 2, 2026, these Avios-only flights come with a significant financial trade-off. Industry analysis estimates that BA could sacrifice more than £1 million in revenue by filling entire aircraft with points redemptions rather than cash-paying customers on this premium leisure route.

Since launching Avios-only flights in April 2023 with short-haul destinations like Geneva and Sharm-el-Sheikh, British Airways has steadily expanded the program. By late 2024, long-haul Avios flights appeared on routes to Dubai, followed by Caribbean destinations like Barbados earlier in 2025, and Abu Dhabi during the Easter period.

The Cape Town flights are notably different. Scheduled during peak Christmas travel when fares routinely command premium prices, this route is dominated by leisure travelers willing to pay top-tier prices, unlike some other Avios routes drawing more mixed business leisure demand. This makes the sacrifice in potential revenue especially striking.

Analysts estimate the total revenue opportunity for this roundtrip Avios flight pair at between £1.2 million and £1.3 million, with the outbound, pre-holiday leg holding the most value due to constrained seat availability and strong demand. The loss is softened—at least internally—by Avios Group Limited (part of IAG, BA’s parent company), which likely compensates BA for these seats at market rates, ensuring balance within the group.

Industry commentary highlights the loyalty program growth as the core motivation behind these Avios-exclusive flights. BA’s 2024 annual report spotlighted a 24% increase in Avios earnings and a 20% jump in redemptions, contributing to a strong £363 million profit on £1.585 billion revenue and a 22.9% pre-tax margin. These exclusive flights, with their aspirational redemption opportunities, help attract new members and deepen engagement among existing Avios collectors.

Unlike many 2025 flight releases, which appear 222 to 317 days ahead, the Avios flights to Cape Town were unveiled 142 days before departure. This shorter window likely curbs speculative bookings and cancellations, aligning with travelers’ post-summer holiday planning cycles. The timing also ensures flights sell out rapidly, demonstrating pent-up demand.

Alongside the Avios-only flights, BA operates standard cash fare services on these dates—nearly fully booked—a factor suggesting some reallocation of bookings as passengers choose between cash and points options.
Modeling passenger fare classes using the “shelf” principle, which balances revenue contributions across economy, premium economy, and business/first classes, analysts incorporated demand from European markets where fares tend to be lower than from London. For example, Club World fares ex-Europe range from £5,553 to £9,086 compared to £6,292 from London.

During the Christmas peak, direct fares for Cape Town reach £12,341 to £16,555 in First Class, around £6,292 for Club World, £4,144 to £5,133 for World Traveller Plus, and £2,716 for World Traveller, before taxes—underscoring the premium nature of this route.

Though costly in the short term, Avios-only flights provide tangible benefits. They make expensive holidays more attainable for points-rich travelers, foster goodwill, and encourage passengers to maintain BA credit cards and prioritize the airline for future bookings. Passengers who save money on flights might redirect funds towards hotels, dining, or ancillary services, supporting the wider travel ecosystem.

Cape Town’s appeal is undeniable, even with steep accommodation prices ranging from around £5,000 at The Westin to over £20,000 at Mount Nelson, reinforcing the premium leisure positioning of this route.
In the broader picture, BA’s bold Avios-only approach exemplifies how airlines can leverage loyalty currencies not just as marketing tools but as strategic assets driving long-term customer engagement—even if it means foregoing millions in immediate ticket revenue.

Zurich Airport Ltd. has announced its strongest first-half financial results in history, posting a consolidated profit of CHF 161.3 million for the first half of 2025, reflecting a 6% increase compared to the same period last year. The airport’s revenue rose by 2% to CHF 640.7 million, buoyed by a 4% increase in aviation-related income to CHF 327.3 million. Although non-aviation revenue saw a slight decline to CHF 313.4 million, the company’s operating expenses decreased by 1%, helped by lower electricity costs.

Passenger traffic hit a new milestone with a record 14.96 million travelers passing through Zurich Airport in the first six months—a 3% increase year-on-year. Freight also showed growth, rising 2% to reach 219,410 tonnes. Zurich Airport’s extensive summer schedule now connects travelers to 206 destinations through 63 airlines.

However, commercial and parking revenues experienced a modest decline of 1%, mainly due to ongoing landside construction work. Real estate income, on the other hand, saw a slight improvement. Zurich Airport invested CHF 422.9 million in development projects, including CHF 155 million for the new Radisson Blu building. Significant infrastructure upgrades underway include replacing Dock A, modernizing the baggage handling system, expanding cargo and business aviation facilities, and enhancing passenger areas landside.

In line with its commitment to sustainability, Zurich Airport is progressing steadily towards its ambitious net-zero emissions target set for 2040. Current initiatives include building a new energy centre, testing seasonal energy storage solutions, and piloting innovative technologies like autonomous shuttles, robotic cleaners, and smart restroom systems.

The company’s international ventures also recorded strong results, with revenue climbing 14% to CHF 56.3 million. Development continues at India’s Noida International Airport, while several Brazilian airports under Zurich’s management earned top sustainability rankings. Florianópolis airport was named Brazil’s best, and Vitória and Macaé airports received high sustainability accreditation. Notably, Macaé opened a new runway in June to support increased traffic.

Looking ahead, Zurich Airport expects to welcome around 32 million passengers in 2025, representing a 2.5% growth, reinforcing its position as a vital gateway for Switzerland and highlighting its ongoing efforts to provide sustainable and high-quality mobility solutions for travelers.

In a landmark move set to reshape its fleet and global reach, Korean Air has announced its largest-ever order: a staggering $50 billion investment in 103 Boeing aircraft along with engines and maintenance services from GE Aerospace. The announcement on Monday coincided with South Korean President Lee Jae Myung’s visit to Washington, underscoring the deal’s strategic significance.

The colossal order includes a diverse mix of Boeing’s 787, 777, and 737 models, valued at approximately $36.5 billion. Complementing the aircraft purchase, Korean Air secured a separate $13.7 billion deal with GE Aerospace for engine purchases and servicing, signaling a major commitment to modernizing its fleet with cutting-edge technology.

Korean Air’s CEO Cho Won-tae, fresh from visiting one of Boeing’s U.S. factories, said the record-breaking deal will enable the airline to expand its service to more destinations across the U.S., Latin America, and South America. Highlighting the scale of the order, CEO Cho revealed that roughly half of the new planes will be 737 MAX 10s, with the remainder comprising 777-9 and 787 models. He added that about 80% of these new planes will replace older aircraft, reflecting Korean Air’s focus on fleet renewal.

Despite Boeing facing challenges in recent years, Cho expressed confidence in the manufacturer’s products and future performance. South Korea’s industry ministry confirmed the Boeing deal’s value at $36.2 billion, separate from the engine agreement with GE.

Stephanie Pope, president and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes, stressed the partnership’s role in Korean Air’s ongoing growth and integration. “As Korean Air transitions to a larger unified carrier following its acquisition of Asiana Airlines, we are committed to supporting its expansion with one of the world’s most efficient fleets,” she said.

U.S. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick underscored the importance of the deal for American aerospace exports. “The world recognizes that our aircraft are the most advanced in the world, and this administration is committed to reshoring advanced manufacturing jobs for Americans,” he stated.

This new contract follows an earlier commitment by Korean Air to purchase 20 Boeing 777-9s and 20 787-10s, with additional options, cementing the airline’s strategy of a comprehensive fleet upgrade. Founded in 1969 and a founding member of the SkyTeam airline alliance, Korean Air has grown into South Korea’s largest carrier and continues to expand its global footprint with this ambitious investment.